diff --git a/tests/Feature/Backstage/AddConcertTest.php b/tests/Feature/Backstage/AddConcertTest.php
index 90d7a1e..208f4c3 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/Backstage/AddConcertTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/Backstage/AddConcertTest.php
@@ -12,6 +12,24 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
 {
     use DatabaseMigrations;
 
+    private function validParams($overrides = [])
+    {
+        return array_merge([
+            'title' => 'No Warning',
+            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
+            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
+            'date' => '2017-11-18',
+            'time' => '8:00pm',
+            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
+            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
+            'city' => 'Laraville',
+            'state' => 'ON',
+            'zip' => '12345',
+            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
+            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
+        ], $overrides);
+    }
+
     private function from($url)
     {
         session()->setPreviousUrl(url($url));
@@ -80,20 +98,7 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     /** @test */
     function guests_cannot_add_new_concerts()
     {
-        $response = $this->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        $response = $this->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams());
 
         $response->assertStatus(302);
         $response->assertRedirect('/login');
@@ -105,20 +110,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'title' => '',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertStatus(302);
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
@@ -133,36 +127,15 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
 
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'subtitle' => '',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         tap(Concert::first(), function ($concert) use ($response) {
             $response->assertStatus(302);
             $response->assertRedirect("/concerts/{$concert->id}");
 
-            $this->assertEquals('No Warning', $concert->title);
             $this->assertNull($concert->subtitle);
-            $this->assertEquals("You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.", $concert->additional_information);
-            $this->assertEquals(Carbon::parse('2017-11-18 8:00pm'), $concert->date);
-            $this->assertEquals('The Mosh Pit', $concert->venue);
-            $this->assertEquals('123 Fake St.', $concert->venue_address);
-            $this->assertEquals('Laraville', $concert->city);
-            $this->assertEquals('ON', $concert->state);
-            $this->assertEquals('12345', $concert->zip);
-            $this->assertEquals(3250, $concert->ticket_price);
-            $this->assertEquals(75, $concert->ticketsRemaining());
         });
     }
 
@@ -173,36 +146,15 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
 
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'additional_information' => "",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         tap(Concert::first(), function ($concert) use ($response) {
             $response->assertStatus(302);
             $response->assertRedirect("/concerts/{$concert->id}");
 
-            $this->assertEquals('No Warning', $concert->title);
-            $this->assertEquals('with Cruel Hand and Backtrack', $concert->subtitle);
             $this->assertNull($concert->additional_information);
-            $this->assertEquals(Carbon::parse('2017-11-18 8:00pm'), $concert->date);
-            $this->assertEquals('The Mosh Pit', $concert->venue);
-            $this->assertEquals('123 Fake St.', $concert->venue_address);
-            $this->assertEquals('Laraville', $concert->city);
-            $this->assertEquals('ON', $concert->state);
-            $this->assertEquals('12345', $concert->zip);
-            $this->assertEquals(3250, $concert->ticket_price);
-            $this->assertEquals(75, $concert->ticketsRemaining());
         });
     }
 
@@ -211,20 +163,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'date' => '',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('date');
@@ -236,20 +177,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'date' => 'not a date',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('date');
@@ -261,20 +191,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'time' => '',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('time');
@@ -286,20 +205,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'time' => 'not-a-time',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('time');
@@ -311,20 +219,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'venue' => '',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('venue');
@@ -336,20 +233,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'venue_address' => '',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('venue_address');
@@ -361,20 +247,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'city' => '',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('city');
@@ -386,20 +261,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'state' => '',
-            'zip' => '12345',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('state');
@@ -411,20 +275,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'zip' => '',
-            'ticket_price' => '32.50',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('zip');
@@ -436,20 +289,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '90210',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'ticket_price' => '',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('ticket_price');
@@ -461,20 +303,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '90210',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'ticket_price' => 'not a price',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('ticket_price');
@@ -486,20 +317,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '90210',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'ticket_price' => '4.99',
-            'ticket_quantity' => '75',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('ticket_price');
@@ -511,20 +331,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '90210',
-            'ticket_price' => '5',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'ticket_quantity' => '',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('ticket_quantity');
@@ -536,20 +345,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '90210',
-            'ticket_price' => '5',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'ticket_quantity' => 'not a number',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('ticket_quantity');
@@ -561,20 +359,9 @@ class AddConcertTest extends TestCase
     {
         $user = factory(User::class)->create();
 
-        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', [
-            'title' => 'No Warning',
-            'subtitle' => 'with Cruel Hand and Backtrack',
-            'additional_information' => "You must be 19 years of age to attend this concert.",
-            'date' => '2017-11-18',
-            'time' => '8:00pm',
-            'venue' => 'The Mosh Pit',
-            'venue_address' => '123 Fake St.',
-            'city' => 'Laraville',
-            'state' => 'ON',
-            'zip' => '90210',
-            'ticket_price' => '5',
+        $response = $this->actingAs($user)->from('/backstage/concerts/new')->post('/backstage/concerts', $this->validParams([
             'ticket_quantity' => '0',
-        ]);
+        ]));
 
         $response->assertRedirect('/backstage/concerts/new');
         $response->assertSessionHasErrors('ticket_quantity');